Center For Advanced Spatial Technologies (CAST)

THE ARKANSAS GAP ANALYSIS PROJECT

FINAL REPORT

LITERATURE CITED

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LANDCOVER CLASSIFICATION AND MAPPING

3. PREDICTED ANIMAL DISTRIBUTIONS AND SPECIES RICHNESS

4. LAND STEWARDSHIP

5. ANALYSIS BASED ON STEWARDSHIP AND MANAGEMENT STATUS

6. CONCLUSIONS AND MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS

7. DATA USE AND AVAILABILITY

8. LITERATURE CITED

9. GLOSSARY

10. GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS

11. APPENDICES AND MAPS

• Austin, M.P. 1991. Vegetation: Data collection and analysis. Pages 37-41 in: C.R. Margules and M.P. Austin, eds., Nature conservation: Cost effective biological surveys and data analysis. Australia CSIRO, East Melborne.
• Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner. 1987. Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. Resource Publication 166. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washingtion, D.C.
• Bailey, R.G. 1980. Description of the ecoregions of the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Misc. Publ. 1391.
• Bauer, M. E., T. E. Burk, A. R. Ek, P. R. Coppin, S. D. Lime, T. A. Walsh, D. K. Walters, W. Befort, D. F. Heinzen. 1994. Satellite Inventory of Minnesota Forest Resources. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 60:287-298.
• Beir, P. 1993. Determining minimum habitat requirements and habitat corridors for cougars. Conservation Biology, 7:94-108.
• Bourgeron, P.S., H.C. Humphries, R.L. DeVelice, and M.E. Jensen. 1994. Ecological theory in relation to landscape and ecosystem characterization. Pages 58-72 in: M.E. Jensen and P.S. Bourgeron, eds., Ecosystem management: Principles and applications, Volume II. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-318. Portland, OR: USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 376p.
• Braun, E. L. 1950. Deciduous forests of eastern North America. Blakiston, Philadelphia.
• Burt, I. 1995. Clarity and sense of place in maps. The Cartographic Journal, 32: 154 - 158.
• Catanzaro, D. G, and K. G Smith. 1995. Moving Towards a Species Information System for Arkansas: Building Bridges over Pitfalls. Organization of Fish and Wildlife Information Managers, 3rd Annual Conference Proceedings, Editor Tom Wilcox, 43-56.
• Churchfield, S.. 1990. The Natural History of Shrews. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca, NY.
• Cody, M. L., editor. 1985. Habitat selection in birds. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
• Cogan, C., Edwards, T.C., 1994. Metadata Standards for Gap Analysis. Gap Analysis Technical Bulletin 3. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.

• Conant, R., and J. T. Collins. 1991. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians: Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston MA.
• Congalton, C.G. 1988. A comparison of sampling schemes used in generating error matrices for assessing the accuracy of maps generated from remotely sensed data. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 54: 593-600.
• Congalton, C.G. 1991. A review of assessing the accuracy of classifications of remotely sensed data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 37: 35-46.
• Crist, E.P. and R.C. Cicone. 1984. A physically-based transformation of Thematic Mapper data - The TM Tasseled Cap. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing GE-22: 256 - 263.
• Crist, P., Thompson, B., Prior-Magee, J., 1995. A Dichotomous Key of Land Management Categorization, unpublished. New Mexico Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Las Cruces, New Mexico.
• Csuti, B., S. Polasky, P.H. Williams, R.L. Pressey, J.D. Camm, M. Kershaw, A.R. Kiester, B. Downs, R. Hamilton, M. Huso, and K. Sahr. 1997. A comparison of reserve selection algorithms using data on terrestrial vertebrates in Oregon. Biological Conservation, 80:83-97.
• Csuti, B. 1994. Methods for developing terrestrial vertebrate distribution maps for Gap Analysis (version 1). Pages 2.1-2.52 In J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors. A handbook for Gap Analysis. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow.
• Davis, F.W., P.A. Stine, D.M. Stoms, M.I. Borchert, and A.D. Hollander. 1995. Gap Analysis of the actual vegetation of California - 1. The southwestern region. Madroño 42:40-78.
• Driscoll, R.S., D.L. Merkel, J.S. Hagihara, and D.L. Radloff. 1983. A component land classification for the United States: Status report. Technical Note 360. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Denver.
• Driscoll, R.S., D.L. Merkel, D.L. Radloff, D.E. Snyder, and J.S. Hagihara. 1984. An ecological land classification framework for the United States. Miscellaneous Publication 1439. USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C.
• Duellman, W. E., and L. Trueb. 1986. Biology of Amphibians. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
• Dzur, R.S., M.E. Garner, K.G. Smith, and W.F. Limp. 1996b. Gap Analysis partnerships for mapping the vegetation of Arkansas. Pages 179-186 In J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, eds. Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.
• Edwards, T.C., Jr., C.H. Homer, S.D. Bassett, A. Falconer, R.D. Ramsey, and D.W. Wight. 1995. Utah Gap Analysis: An environmental information system. Technical Report 95-1, Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
• Federal Geographic Data Committee, 1995, Content Standards for Digital Geospatial Metadata Workbook, FGDC, Washington, D.C.
• Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC). 1994. Content standards for digital geospatial metadata. 8 June 1994. Federal Geographic Data Committee, Washington, DC.
• Ferris, K. 1993. Black and white and read all over. The Cartographic Journal, 30: 123 - 128.
• Foti, T., X. Li, M. Blaney, and K.G. Smith. 1994. A classification system for the natural vegetation of Arkansas. Proceedings Arkansas Academy of Sciences, 48: 50-62.
• Forman, R.T.T., and M. Godron. 1986. Landscape ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York, NY.
• Franklin, J.F. 1993. Preserving biodiversity: Species, ecosystems, or landscapes? Ecological Applications, 3: 202-205.
• Franklin, J., T.L. Logan, C.E. Woodcock, A.H. Strahler. 1986. Coniferous forest classification and inventory using Landsat and Digital Terrain Data. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, GE-24: 139-149.

• Gaisler, J. 1979. Ecology of bats. in Ecology of Small Mammals. editor D. Michael Stoddart, 281-342. Chapman & Hall, London, England.
• Gans, Carl, editor. 1976. Biology of the reptilia., Vol. 5 Physiology A. Academic Press, New York, NY.
• Gans, Carl, editor. 1977. Biology of the reptilia., Vol. 7 Ecology & Behavior A. Academic Press, New York, NY.
• Gans, Carl, editor. 1982. Biology of the reptilia., Vol. 12 Physiology C - Physiological Ecology. Academic Press, New York, NY.
• Gaussen, H. 1953. A proposed ecological vegetation map. Surveying and Mapping, 13: 168 - 173.
• Gonzales, J. 1994. GIS Applications Perspective: Using remote sensing and GIS for modelling old-growth forests. In Remote Sensing and GIS in Ecosystem Management. editor V. Alaric Sample, 157-77. Island Press, Washington D.C.
• Grossman, D., K.L Goodin, X. Li, C. Wisnewski, D. Faber-Langendoen, M. Anderson, L. Sneddon, D. Allard, M. Gallyoun, and A. Weakley. 1994. Standardized national vegetation classification system. Report by The Nature Conservancy and Environmental Systems Research Institute for the NBS/NPS Vegetation Mapping Program. National Biological Service, Denver, Colorado.
• Hamel, P. 1992. Land Manager's Guide for the Birds of the South. The Nature Conservancy, Southeastern Region, Chapel Hill, N.C..
• Hepinstall, J A., L. P. Queen, and P. A. Jordan. 1996. Application of a Modified Habitat Suitability Index Model for Moose. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 62, no. 11: 1281-86.
• Hyatt, P. E., and D. Moren. 1990. Birds of the Eastern Arkansas Ozarks. Mimeo.
• James, D. A., and J. C. Neal. 1986. Arkansas Birds: Their Distribution and Abundance. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Pess.
• Janssen, L L.F., and F.J.M. van der Wel. 1994. Accuracy assessment of satellite derived land-cover data: A review. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 60: 419-426.
• Jenkins, R.E. 1985. Information methods: Why the Heritage Programs work. The Nature Conservancy News 35(6):21-23.
• Jennings, M.D. 1993. Natural terrestrial cover classification: Assumptions and definitions. Gap Analysis Technical Bulletin 2. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow.
• Keates, J.S. 1993. Some reflections on cartographic design. The Cartographic Journal, 30: 199 - 201.
• Kirkpatrick, J.B. 1983. An iterative method for establishing priorities for the selection of nature reserves: An example from Tasmania. Biological Conservation, 25: 127-134.
• Kuchler, A.W., and I.S. Zonneveld, eds. 1988. Vegetation mapping. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 635p.
• Kuchler, A.W. 1985. Potential Natural Vegetation, National Atlas of the United States of America. Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey: Reston, Virginia.
• Kuchler, A. W. 1967. Vegetation Mapping. The Ronald Press Company: New York.
• Kunz, T. H. 1982. Roosting Ecology. In Ecology of Bats. editor Thomas H. Kunz, 1-55. New York: Plenum Press.
• Lark, R. M. 1995. Components of accuracy of maps with special reference to discriminant analysis on remote sensor data. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 16: 1461-1480.
• Lagrange, J.P., and A. Ruas. 1994. Geographic Information modeling: GIS and generalization. pp. 1099 - 1117. In: Waugh, T.C. and R.C. Healey, (eds.), Advances in GIS Research, Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling. Taylor & Francis, Ltd., London.

• Levin, S.A. 1981. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology, 73: 1942-1968.
• Li, Z. and B. Su. 1995. From phenomena to essence: envisioning the nature of digital map generalization. The Cartographic Journal, 32: 45 - 47.
• Lillesand, T.M. and R.W. Kiefer. 1994. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. Wiley & Sons, New York. 750 p.
• Lins, K.S. and R.L. Kleckner. 1996. Landcover mapping: An overview and history of the concepts. Pages 57-65 In: J.M. Scott, T.H. Tear, and F. Davis, eds., Gap Analysis: A landscape approach to biodiversity planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, Maryland.
• Margules, C.R., A.O. Nicholls, and R.L. Pressey. 1988. Selecting networks of reserves to maximize biological diversity. Biological Conservation, 43:63-76
• McMaster, R.B. and K.S. Shea. 1992. Generalization in Digital Cartography. Association of American Geographers: Washington, DC.
• Moore, D.M. 1960. Trees of Arkansas. Arkansas Forestry Commission. Little Rock, AR.
• Mueller-Dombois, D., and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 547pp.
• Neal, J. C., and M. A. Mlodinow. 1988. Birding in the Western Arkansas Ozarks. Published by authors.
• Nicholls, A.O., and Margules. 1993. An upgraded reserve selection algorithm. Biological Conservation, 64: 165-169.
• Noss, R.F. 1987. From plant communities to landscapes in conservation inventories: A look at The Nature Conservancy (USA). Biological Conservation, 41:11-37.
• Noss, R.F. 1990. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: A hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology, 4:355-364.
• Noss, R. F., E. T. LaRoe III, and J. M. Scott. 1995. Endangered ecosystems of the United States: A preliminary assessment of loss and degradation. Biological Report 28, National Biological Service, Washington, D.C.
• Pressey, R.L.,and A.O. Nicholls. 1989. Application of a numerical algorithm to the slection of reserves in semi-arid New south Wales. Biological Conservation 50:263-278.
• Pressey, R.L., C. J. Humphries, C. R. Margules, R. I. Vane-Wright, and P. H. Williams. 1993. Beyond opportunism: Key principles for systematic reserve selection. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8:124-128.
• Puech, C. 1994. Thresholds of homogeneity in targets in the landscape. Relationship with remote sensing. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 15: 2421-2435.
• Richardson, D.E. 1994. Generalization of spatial and thematic data using inheritance and classification and aggregation hierarchies. pp. 957 - 972. In: Waugh, T.C. and R.C. Healey, (eds.), Advances in GIS Research, Volume 2: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling. Taylor & Francis, Ltd., London.
• Sabins, F. F. 1978. Remote Sensing: principles and interpretation. San Fransisco: W.H. Freeman.
• Schonewald-Cox, C. M. 1983. Conclusions: guidlines to management: a beginning attempt, pp 414-445. In Genetics and conservation: a reference for managing wild animal and plant populations. C. M. Schonewald-Cox, S. M. Chambers, B. MacBryde, and W. L. Thomas (editors). The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., Menlo Park, CA.
• Scott, J.M., and M.D. Jennings, editors. 1994. A Handbook for Gap Analysis. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho.
• Scott, J.M., F. Davis, B. Csuti, R. Noss, B. Butterfield, C. Groves, H. Anderson, S. Caicco, F. D'Erchia, T.C. Edwards, Jr., J. Ulliman, and G. Wright. 1993. Gap analysis: A geographic approach

• to protection of biological diversity. Wildlife Monographs 123.
• Sealander, J. A., and G. A. Heidt. 1990. Arkansas Mammals: Their Natural History, Classification and Distribution. Fayetteville, Arkansas: The University of Arkansas Press.
• Senseman, G. M., C. F. Bagley, S. A. Tweddale. 1995. Accuracy assessment of the discrete classification of remotely-sensed digital data for landcover mapping. US Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratories, Springfield, Virginia.
• Shelford, V. E. 1963. The ecology of North America. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois.
• Smith, K. G., and D. G. Catanzaro. 1996. Predicting Vertebrate Distributions for Gap Analysis: Potential Problems in Constructing the Models. pp 163-169. In M. J. Scott, T. H. Tear, F. W. Davis [eds.] Gap Analysis: A Landscape Approach to Biodiversity Planning. American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Bethesda, MD.
• Smith, R. M. 1989. The atlas of Arkansas. The University of Arkansas Press.
• Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil Survey Manual: handbook #18. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture.
• Specht, R.L. 1975. The report and its recommendations. Pages 11-16 in: F.Fenner, ed., A national system of ecological reserves in Australia. Australian Academy of Sciences Report No. 19. Canberra, Australia
• Stewart, J. S. and T. M. Lillesand. 1995. Stratification of Landsat TM data, based on regional landscape patterns, to improve land-cover classification accuracy of large study areas. Proceedings, ACSM/ASPRS 1995, 3: 826-835.
• Stoms, D., and J. Estes. 1993. A remote sensing research agenda for mapping and monitoring biodiversity. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 14:1839-1860.
• Stoms, D.M. 1994. Actual vegetation layer. Pages 1.1-1.6 In J.M. Scott and M.D. Jennings, editors. A handbook for Gap Analysis. Idaho Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Idaho, Moscow.
• Terrborgh, J., and B. Winter. 1983. A method for siting parks and reserves with special reference to Colombia and Ecuador. Biological Conservation 27:45-58.
• Tomlin, C. D.. 1990. Geographic Information Systems and Cartographic Modeling. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
• UNESCO. 1973. International classification and mapping of vegetation. Paris.
• Verbyla, D.L., and T.O. Hammond. 1995. Conservative bias in classification accuracy assessment due to pixel-by-pixel comparison of classified images with reference grids. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 16: 581-587.
• White, D., J. Kimerling, and W. S. Overton. 1992 Cartographic and geometric components of a global sampling design for environmental monitoring. Cartographic and Geographic Information Systems, 19:5-22.
• Whittaker, R.H. 1960. Vegetation of the Siskiyou mountains, Oregon and California. Ecological Monographs, 30:279-338.
• Whittaker, R.H. 1965. Dominance and diversity in land plant communities. Science, 147: 250-259.
• Whittaker, R.H. 1977. Species diversity in land communities. Evolutionary Biology, 10:1-67.
• Williams, P. H., D. Gibbons, C. Margules, A. Rebelo, C. Humphries, and R. Pressey. 1996. A comparison of richness hotspots, rarity hotspots, and complementary areas for conserving diversity of British birds. Conservation Biology, 10:155-174.