Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

Adams, R.E.W., W. E. Brown, Jr., and T. P. Culbert (1981). Radar Mapping Archaeology and Ancient Maya Land Use. Science 213:1457-1463.

Annan, A. P., L. T. Chua (1988). Ground Penetrating Radar Performance Predictions. In Ground Penetrating Radar, J. A. Pilon, ed., Paper 90-4. Geological Survey Canada, Ottawa.

Applied Ground Imaging Ltd (1996). MACTEC Little Bighorn Battlefield, Montana, Deep Raving, Reno Hill & Graveyard Ground Penetrating Radar Survey, August 19-20, 1996. Ms. on file, Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, Crow Agency, Montana.

Barker, D.B. and J. Doolittle (1992). Ground-penetrating Radar--An Archeological Tool. CRM Bulletin 15(5):25-28.

Baugh, T. G., R. J. Elia, and T. F. Tartaron (1992). Geophysical Remote Sensing Survey at Fairsted, the Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site in Brookline, Massachusetts. Office of Public Archaeology Report of Investigations No. 116. Boston University, Boston.

Berg, F. and H. Bruch (1982). Georadar: Archaeological Interpretation of Soil Radar Data. PACT News 7:285-294.

Bevan, B. (1977). Ground-Penetrating Radar at Valley Forge. Ms. on file, Geophysical Survey Systems, North Salem, New Hampshire.

Bevan, B. (1982). Ground-Penetrating Radar Surveys at the Second Hoover House and at Effigy Mounds, Iowa. Ms. on file, Midwest Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska.

Bevan, B. (1984). Environmental Effects on Ground-Penetrating Radar. Expanded Abstracts of the Technical Meeting, 54th Meeting of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists, pp. 201-204. SEG, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Bevan, B. (1987). A Radar Search for Burials in Sandy Soil. Geosight, Pitman, New Jersey. Submitted to the Midwest Archeological Center, Lincoln, Nebraska. NPS Order No. PX-6155-7-0163.

Bevan, B. (1991). The Search for Graves. Geophysics 56:1310-1319.

Bevan, B. (1992). Testing for Unmarked Graves. In Proceedings of the Government Users Workshop on Ground Penetrating Radar, compiled by Dwain K. Butler, pp. 34-38. Miscellaneous Paper GL-92-40. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

Bevan, B. (1996). Radar Tests at Norridgewock. Ms. on file, Archaeology Research Center, University of Maine, Farmington.

Bevan, B. and J. Kenyon (1975). Ground-penetrating Radar for Historical Archaeology. MASCA Newsletter 11(2):2-7.

Bevan, B.W., D.G. Orr, and B.S. Blades (1984). The Discovery of the Taylor House at the Petersburg National Battlefield. Historical Archaeology 18(2):64-74.

Butler, D.K., J. Simms, and D.S. Cook (1994). Archaeological Geophysics Investigation of the Wright Brothers 1910 Hangar Site. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal Vol. 9 No. 6: 437-466

Bradley, J. and M. Fletcher (1996). Extraction and Visualization of Information for Ground Penetrating Radar Surveys. Eds. Hans Kamerman and Kelly Fennema, CAA95 – Interfacing the Past, Volume 1: 103-110. University of Leiden in Holland.

Camerlynck, C., M. Dabas, and C. Panissod (1994). Comparison Between GPR and four Electromagnetic Methods for Stone Features Characterization: An Example. Archaeological Prospection, Vol. 1: 5-17.

Campbell, T. (1992). A Structured Evaluation of Ground Penetrating Radar for Archaeological Use. Unpublished MS thesis, University of York, York, England.

Campbell, T., J. M. Tealby, and A. Giannopoulos (1993). Signal Analysis of GPR Data of Voids in Archaeology. 55th Mtg. Eur. Asssoc. Expl. Geophys., Abstracts 93, Session:P039.

Chan, L. C., D. L. Moffatt, and L. J. R. Peter (date?). A Characterization of Subsurface Radar Targets. Proceedings of the IEEE 67(1):991-1000.

Collins, M. E. (1992). Soil Taxonomy: A Useful Guide for the Application of Ground-Penetrating Radar. Fourth International Conference on Ground-Penetrating Radar. P. Hanninen and S. Autio, eds. pp. 125-132. Special Paper No. 16. Geological Survey of Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland.

Conyers, LB 1995 Subsurface Investigations of a Buried Paleoindian Living Surface, Lime Creek Site, Nebraska. In The Allen Site and the Paleoindian Occupation of the Great Plains. D.B. Bamforth, ed. pp. ****. The University of Texas Press, Austin.

Conyers, L.B. (1995). The use of ground-penetrating radar to map the buried structures and landscape of the Ceren Site, El Salvador. Geoarchaeology, 10(4):275-299.

Conyers, L.B. (1996) The use of ground-penetrating radar to map the archaeology and paleo-geography of the Ceren Site, El Salvador. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Ground-penetrating Radar. pp. 89-94. Tohoku University Faculty of Engineering, Sendai, Japan.

Conyers, L.B. (1998) Acquisition, processing and interpretation techniques for ground-penetrating radar mapping of buried pit-structures in the American Southwest. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Ground-penetrating Radar. Radar Systems and Remote Sensing Laboratory, University of Kansas, pp. 53-59.

Conyers, LB (1999). Geophysics, Ground-Penetrating Radar, and Archaeology. SAA Bulletin 17(4):26-29.

Conyers, L.B. (2000) The use of ground-penetrating radar in archaeology. In Radiation in Art and Archaeology. Eds, D.C. Creagh and D.A. Braadley, pp 1-14. Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam.

Conyers, L.B. (2000) (in press) Subsurface mapping of a buried Paleoindian living surface, Lime Creek Site, Nebraska, USA. Geoarchaeology, v. n. pp.

Conyers, L.B. (2000) (in press) Ground-penetrating radar. In Encyclopedia of Imaging Science and Technology. Ed. Joseph P. Hornak. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Conyers, L.B. and C.M. Cameron (1998) Finding Buried Archaeological Features in the American Southwest: New Ground-penetrating radar techniques and three-dimensional computer mapping: Journal of Field Archaeology, 25(4):417-430.

Conyers, L.B. and J.E. Lucius (1996) Velocity analysis in archaeological ground-penetrating radar studies. Archaeological Prospection, 3:312-333.

Conyers, L.B. and D. Goodman (1997) Ground-Penetrating Radar: An introduction for Archaeologists. Altamira Press, Walnut Creek, California. 223 pages, 72 illustrations.

Conyers, L.B. and D. Goodman (1999) Archaeology looks to new depths: Ground-penetrating radar technology allows subsurface imaging of buried archaeological sites. Discovering Archaeology, 1(1):70-77.

Conyers, LB and J.E. Lucius (1996). Velocity Analysis in Archaeological Ground-Penetrating Radar Studies. Archaeological Prospection 3(1):25-38.

Daniels, D. J. (1996). Surface-Penetrating Radar. Institution of Electrical Engineers Radar Series no. 6. ERA Technology, London.

Daniels, D. J., D. J. Gunton, H. F. Scott (1988). Introduction to Subsurface Radar. IEE Proceedings 135:278-320.

David, A. (1995). Geophysical Survey in Archaeological Field Evaluation. English Heritage, Reasearch & Professional Services Guideline No. 1.

Davis, J. L. and A. P. Annan (1989). Ground Penetrating Radar for High Resolution of Soil and Rock Stratigraphy. Geophysical Prospection 37:531-551.

Davis, J.L. et al. (2000). Ground penetrating radar surveys to locate 1918 Spanish flu victims in permafrost. Journal of Forensic Science 45(1): 68-76.

Deignan, T.M. (1995). Ground Penetrating Radar for Archaeology: Investigations at Kirtland Air Force Base. Ms. on file, Mariah Associates, Inc., Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Deignan, TM (1997). Appendix A: Ground Penetrating Radar for Archaeology: Investigations at Kirtland Air Force Base. In Kirtland Air Force Base: Geophysical Studies, by James T. Abbott, R. Blake Roxlau, and William B. Butler, pp. A1-A43. TRC Mariah Associates Inc., Albuquerque, New Mexico. Submitted to Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, and National Park Service, Denver. Contract No. 1443-CX-1200-92-010.

De Vore, S.L. (1990). Ground-penetrating Radar as a Survey Tool in Archaeological Investigations: An Example from Fort Laramie National Historic Site. The Wyoming Archaeologist 33(1-2):23-38.

Doolittle, J. A. (1982). Characterizing Soil Map Units with the Ground-Penetrating Radar. Soil Survey Horizons 23:3-10.

Doolittle, J. A. and W. F. Miller (1990). Use of Ground-penetrating Radar in Archaeological Investigations. In Applications of Space-Age Technology in Anthropology: November 28, 1990, Conference Proceedings. C. Behrens and T. Sever, eds. pp. 81-93. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, John C. Stennis Space Center, Mississippi.

Doolittle, J. A. and W. F. Miller (1992). Geophysical Investigations at the Ceren Site, El Salvador. In 1992 Investigations at the Ceren Site: A Preliminary Report. P. D. Sheets and K. A. Kievit, eds. pp. 10-19. Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado, Boulder.

Eckerle, W. and J. Hobey (1992). Preliminary Geoarchaeological Assessment of the Flying "D" Ranch: 1992. Ms. on file Montana Historical Society, Helena.

Faflak, R. (1993). Report of GPR Investigation at Flying D Ranch, July 1-2, 1993. Ms. on file, Montana Historical Society, Helena.

Faflak, R. (1994). Report of GPR Investigation at Willow Swamp, Madison Co., MT. Ms. on file, Montana Historical Society, Helena.

Faflak, R. (1995). Report of GPR Investigations at Golden Eagle Quarry Site (24MA1587), Salish Tears Quarry Site (24MA166) and Site 24MA1376, Madison Co., MT. Ms. on file, Montana Historical Society, Helena.

Fletcher, M. and D. Spicer (1995). Simulation of Ground Penetrating Radar. Wilcock, J. and K. Lockyear, CAA 1993, BAR International Series pp. 45-49.

Gaffney, C. F., Gater, J. A. and Ovenden, S. M. (1991). The Use of Geophysical Techniques in Archaeological Evaluation. Institute of Field Archaeologists, Technical Paper 9.

Glass, C.E. (1993). Ground Penetrating Radar Study of Mesa Grande. Ms. on file, Mesa Southwest Museum, Mesa, Nevada. Subsurface Profiling Investigations, Inc.

Goodman, D. (1994). Ground Penetrating Radar Simulation in Engineering and Archaeology. Geophysics 59(2):224-232.

Goodman, D. (1996). Comparison of GPR Time Slices and Archaeological Excavations. Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar, pp. 77-82. Department of Geoscience and Technology, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.

Goodman, D. and Y. Nishimura (1992). Two-dimensional Synthetic Radargrams for Use in Archaeological Investigation. In Fourth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar 8-13 June 1992, edited by P. Hänninen and S. Autio, pp. 339-343. Special Paper No. 16. Finland Geological Survey, Rovaneimi.

Goodman, D., Y. Nishimura, and J. D. Rogers (1995). GPR Time Slices in Archaeological Prospection. Archaeological Prospection 2(2):85-89.

Grasmueck, M. (1996). 3-D Ground Penetrating Radar Applied to Fracture imaging in Gneiss. Geophysics, Vol. 61(4): 1050-1064

Heimmer, D. (1989). Additional Fort William Data, dated October 25, 1988. Letter report on file, Fort Laramie National Historic Site, Fort Laramie, Wyoming.

Heimmer, D. (1991). Radar Profiles at Lockwood Stage Station. Ms. on file, Interagency Archeological Services, National Park Service, Denver.

Heimmer, D. (1993). Report of Findings: Ground Penetrating Radar Survey Fort Laramie National Historical Site Remote Sensing/Geophysical Techniques for Cultural Resource Management. Ms. on file, Interagency Archeological Services, National Park Service, Denver.

Heimmer, D., C. Davenport, J. Lindeman, and J. Gilmore (1988). Geophysical-Ground Penetrating Radar Investigations: Fort Laramie National Historic Site, Fort Laramie, Wyoming, dated October 12, 1988. Letter report on file, Fort Laramie National Historic Site, Fort Laramie, Wyoming.

Heimmer, D., C. Davenport, J. Lindeman, and J. Gilmore (1988). Geophysics for Archaeological Assessment: Fort William Discovered? Fort Laramie National Historic Site, Wyoming. Ms. on file, Fort Laramie National Historic Site, Fort Laramie, Wyoming.

Heimmer, D. and T. Deignan (1992). Ground Penetrating Radar Survey June, 1992. Ms. on file, Interagency Archeological Services, National Park Service, Denver.

Hohmann, J.W., J.D. Irish, and M. Davis (1994). 1994 Remote Sensing Studies Conducted at the Old Vals Vegas Mormon Fort State Park, Las Vegas, Clark County, Nevada. Cultural Resource Group Research Report 18, Phoenix, Arizona.

Hranicky, W. J. (1977). Use of Radar in Archaeological Field Surveying. The Chesopiean 15(1/2):10-14.

Imai, T., T. Sakayama, and T. Kanemori (1987). Use of Ground-Probing Radar and Soil Resistivity Surveys for Archaeological Investigations. Geophysics 52: 137-150.

Johnson, R. W., R. Glaccum, and R. Wotasinski (1980). Application of Ground Penetrating Radar to Soil Survey. Soil Crop Science Society Proceedings 39:68-72.

Kathage, A., S. Lorra, and H. Steentoft (1992). Archaeological Prospecting Using GPR: Some Case Histories. 54th Mtg. Eur. Assoc. Expl. Geophys., Abstracts 92:660-661.

Kenyon, J.L. and B.W. Bevan (1977). Ground-penetrating Radar and Its Application to a Historical Site. Historical Archaeology 11:48-55.

Kessler, R., R.E. Strain, J.I. Marlowe, and K.B. Curin (1996). Ground-Penetrating Radar and Electromagnetic Surveys at the Monroe Crossroads Battlefield Site, Fort Bragg, North Carolina. Open-File Report 96-112. US Geological Survey, Raleigh, North Carolina.

Kvamme, K.L. (2001).Current Practices in Archaeogeophysics: Magnetics, Resistivity, Conductivity, and Ground-Penetrating Radar.In Earth Sciences an Archaeology, P. Goldberg, V. Holliday, and R. Ferring, eds. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 353-384..

Loker, W. M. (1983). Recent Geophysical Explorations at Ceren. In Archaeology and Volcanism in Central America. P. D. Sheets, ed. pp. 254-274. University of Texas Press, Austin.

Maki, D. L. (1996). Ground Penetrating Radar Survey at Bay Mills Cemetery, Bay Mills, Michigan. Reports of Investigations No. 410. Institute of Minnesota Archaeology, Minneapolis.

Malagodi, S., L. Orlando, S. Piro, and F. Rosso (1996). Location of Archaeological Structures using GPS Method: Three-dimensional Data Acquisition and Radar Signal Processing. Archaeological Prospection 3(1):13-23.

Mather, D., D.W. Johnson, and E.J. Abel (1997).  Burial Authentification Investigations of the Medicine Lake Mounds (21 HE 0068) for the Proposed West Medicine Lake Park Improvements - Phase II, City of Plymouth, Hennepin County, Minnesota.  Loucks & Associates, Inc., Maple Grove, Minnesota.

Mathys, A. J. and D.L. Maki (1996). A Geophysical Survey of the Menefee Cemetery Site near Mt. Pleasant, Iowa for the HDR Engineering Firm, Lincoln, Nebraska. Reports of Investigations No. 414. Institute of Minnesota Archaeology, Minneapolis.

Milligan, R. and M. Atkin (1993). The Use of Ground-Probing Radar within a Digital Environment on Archaeological Sites. In Computing the Past: Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, edited by J. Andresen, T. Madsen, and I. Scollar, pp. 21-33. Aarhus University Press, Aarhus, Denmark.

Moffat, D. L. (1974). Subsurface Video Radar. In Subsurface Exploration for Underground Excavation and Heavy Construction: Proceedings of a Conference Held at New England College, Henniker N. H., August 11-16, pp. 195-212. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.

Morey, R. (1974). Continuous Subsurface Profiling by Impulse Radar. In Subsurface Exploration for Underground Excavation and Heavy Construction: Proceedings of a Conference Held at New England College, Henniker N. H., August 11-16, pp. 213-232. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York.

Nishimura, Y. and H. Kamei (1990). A Study in the Application of Geophysical Prospection. In Archaeometry '90: Proceedings of the 27th International Symposium on Archaeometry. E. Pernicka and G. A. Wagner, ed. pp. 757-765. BirkhäuserVerlag, Basle, Germany.

Olheft, Gary (1979). Impluse Radar Studies of Near-surface Geological Structure. In Abstracts of Papers Submitted to the Tenth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, pp. 943-945.

Pope, K. and B. H. Dahlin (1989). Ancient Maya Wetland Agriculture: New Insights from Ecological and Remote Sensing Research. Journal of Field Archaeology 16:87-106.

Pope, K. and B. H. Dahlin (1993). Radar Detection and Ecology of Ancient Maya Canal System-Reply to Adams et al. Journal of Field Archaeology 20:379-383.

Pipan, M., I. Finetti, P. Galuppo, and R. Geletti (1995). Multifold Advanced GPR Techniques - A Case History from the Aquileia Archaeological Park. 57th Mtg. Eur. Assoc. Expl. Geophys., Extended Abstracts 95:Session C006.

Sakayama, T., TM Osada, and K. Tamura (1988). Some Examples of Archaeological Investigations Using Ground Penetrating Radar. In Technical Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Geotechnical Applications of Ground-Penetrating Radar, March 6-10, 1988, pp. 57-60. Gainesville, Florida.

Sakayama, T., TM Osada, and K. Tamura (1989). Application of Ground-probing Radar to Archaeological Investigations. 59th Annual Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts 89:276.

Sheets, P.D., W.M. Loker, H.A.W. Spetzler, and R. W. Ware (1985). Geophysical Exploration for Ancient Maya Housing at Ceren, El Salvador. National Geographic Research Reports 20:645-656.

Smith, D. G. and H. M. Jol (1995). Ground Penetrating Radar: Antenna Frequencies and Maximum Probable Depths of Penetration in Quaternary Sediments. Journal of Applied Geophysics 33:93-100.

Southeast Archeological Center (1993). Archeological Testing and Ground Penetrating Radar Survey at Charles Pinckney National Historic Site, South Carolina. Accession #943. Ms. on file, National Park Service, Tallahassee, Florida.

Spanghereo, G., G. Gazzano, M. Piccolo, A. Zanelli, and A. Moneti (1993). GPR Applications for Low-cost Archaeological Survey - Three Representative Case Histories. 55th Mtg. Eur. Assoc. Expl. Geophys., Abstracts 93: Session P038.

Sternberg, B.K. And J.W. McGill (1995). Archaeology Studies in Southern Arizona Using Ground Penetrating Radar. Journal of Applied Geophysics 33(1-3):209-225.

Strongman, K. B. (1992). Forensic Applications of GPR. In Ground Penetrating Radar. J. Pilon, ed. pp. 5-13. Paper 90-4. Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa.

Svechnikov, E. L., A. A. Belov, and G. P. Zhabko (1994). High-Resolution From Radars in Archaeology and Investigations of Historical Buildings. In International Conference on the Application of Natural Sciences Methods in Archaeology Dedicated to the Memory of Professor B. A. Kolchin: Program Abstracts, compiled by The European Network PACT, pp. 173. The European Network PACT, Saint Petersburg, Russia.

Tsuneo, I., T. Sakayama, and T. Kanemori (1987). Use of Ground-probing Radar and Resistivity Surveys for Archaeological Investigations. Geophysics 52(2): 137-150.

Vaughan, C. J. (1984). Ground Penetrating Radar Surveys Used in Archaeological Investigations: Two Case Histories. 54th Annual Internat. Mtg., Soc. Expl. Geophys., Expanded Abstracts 84:195-197.

Vaughan, C. J. (1986). Ground-penetrating Radar Surveys Used in Archaeological Investigations. Geophysics 51(3):595-604.

Vickers, R.S. and L.T. Dolphin (1975). A Communication on an Archaeological Radar Experiment at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. MASCA Newsletter 11(1):6-8.

Vickers, R., L.T. Dolphin, and D. Johnson (1976). Archeological Investigations at Chaco Canyon Using a Subsurface Radar. In Remote Sensing Experiments in Cultural Resource Studies: Non-destructive Methods of Archeological Exploration, Survey, and Analysis, assembled by Thomas R. Lyons, pp. 81-101. Reports of the Chaco Center No. 1. Chaco Center, National Park Service, and University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Weymouth, J.W. And B.W. Bevan (1983). Combined Magnetic and Ground Penetrating Radar Survey of an Archaeological Site in Oklahoma. In Digest, International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, IGARDD, vol 1., pp. 1.1-1.4.

Wolf, S.A. (1996). A Ground Penetrating Radar Survey in the Alcoves of Willow Gulch, Escalante River, Basin, Utah. Masters of Science thesis, Department of Quaternary Studies, Northern Arizona University,